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联网型直流微电网并联双向变流器分层控制 Article

Hui-yong HU, Yong-gang PENG, Yang-hong XIA, Xiao-ming WANG, Wei WEI, Miao YU

《信息与电子工程前沿（英文）》 2017年第18卷第12期页码 2046-2057 doi: 10.1631/FITEE.1601497

摘要：直流微电网通过多个双向变流器并联连接到交流电网，其控制方法直接影响到直流电网的性能。目前的研究工作主要集中在交流、直流及混合微电网的分层控制，而较少关注直流微电网互联的双向变流器的分层控制。本文提出一种直流微电网联网双向变流器的分层控制方法。为抑制交流测零序环流并实现电压控制的反馈线性化，采用d-q-0控制策略来控制内环电流并采用直流电压平方实现外环电压控制。在一次控制阶段采用直流电压下垂控制来实现直流电流的分担，直流电压下垂控制会产生直流电压偏差。接着分析了直流电压偏差和电流分担误差之间的关系。为同时消除直流电压偏差和电流分担误差，在二次控制中采用了下垂斜率调节和电压平移。三次控制中通过多双向变流器的精确有功和无功控制实现直流微网的经济运行。本文提出的直流微网多并联双向变流器分层控制方法可以实现微网内可控/不可控分布式电源的协调。通过Matlab/Simulink仿真验证了算法的有效性，结果表明该算法能满足实际应用需求。

关键词：并联双向变流器；分层控制；直流微电网

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一种新型的部分遮挡和非匹配条件下最大功率点跟踪光伏子模块级功率平衡拓扑结构 Article

Mustafa GOKDAG,Mehmet AKBABA

《信息与电子工程前沿（英文）》 2016年第17卷第12期页码 1388-1396 doi: 10.1631/FITEE.1500322

摘要：部分遮挡和串联模块（或子模块）的非匹配条件可在整个光伏系统中导致功率曲线非凸且出现多个局部极值和峰值功率下降的现象。通过功率传输，可将各子模块的工作电压拉平；这样的功率收集操作可生成凸功率曲线，提升光伏系统的峰值功率。本文所述拓扑结构受益于开关电容（Switched capacitor, SC）转换器的概念，是一种子模块级功率平衡概念的具体应用。与现有研究成果相比，其创新点包含无遮挡时停止开关操作、串联线路级可拓展性以及减少功率电子元件使用量。功率电子元件使用量的减少是通过两个子模块共享一个SC转换器的方式实现的，这也能带来降低功率器件能量损耗、降低成本和电路体积的优势。本文给出了所述拓扑结构的插入损耗的理论式，并通过PSpice仿真和原型电路的实验评估，证明了损耗理论解的正确性。这也表明，通过使用所述拓扑结构，有可能提取出部分遮挡的光伏线路的几乎所有可用能量，并将其传输至负载端。

关键词：子模块级最大功率点跟踪（Sub-module-level maximum power point tracking MPPT）；差分功率处理（Differential power processing

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风力发电变流器发展现状与展望

马伟明,肖飞

《中国工程科学》 2011年第13卷第1期页码 11-20

摘要：

风电机组宽泛的使用环境，使作为机组关键设备之一的大容量变流器必须满足高功率密度、高可靠性与优良控制性能等要求。国产风电变流器的研发近几年有了较快的发展，但总体上依然落后于国外先进水平。文章对风电变流器，重点是直驱式全功率变流器的若干关键技术做了介绍，给出了相关问题的解决思路。

关键词：风力发电变速恒频双馈型直驱型变流器

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Transient performance comparison of grid-forming converters with different FRT control strategies

《能源前沿（英文）》 2023年第17卷第2期页码 239-250 doi: 10.1007/s11708-022-0856-2

摘要： Grid-forming converters (GFMs) are faced with the threat of transient inrush current and synchronization instability issues when subjected to grid faults. Instead of disconnecting from the grid unintentionally, GFMs are required to have fault ride through (FRT) capability to maintain safe and stable operation in grid-connected mode during grid fault periods. In recent studies, different FRT control strategies with distinguishing features and that are feasible for different operation conditions have been proposed for GFMs. To determine their application scope, an intuitive comparison of the transient performance of different FRT control strategies is presented in this paper. First, three typical FRT control strategies (virtual impedance, current limiters, and mode-switching control) are introduced and transient mathematical models are established. A detailed comparison analysis on transient inrush current and transient synchronization stability is then presented. The results will be useful for guiding the selection and design of FRT control strategies. Finally, simulation results based on PSCAD/EMTDC are considered to verify the correctness of the theoretical analysis.

关键词： grid-forming converters (GFMs) fault ride through (FRT) transient stability transient inrush current transient modeling

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Analysis and control of wind-driven self-excited induction generators connected to the grid through powerconverters

S. Senthil KUMAR, N. KUMARESAN, N. Ammasai GOUNDEN, Namani RAKESH

《能源前沿（英文）》 2012年第6卷第4期页码 403-412 doi: 10.1007/s11708-012-0208-8

摘要： The analysis of the wind-driven self-excited induction generators (SEIGs) connected to the grid through power converters has been developed in this paper. For this analysis, a method of representing the grid power as equivalent load resistance in the steady-state equivalent circuit of SEIG has been formulated. The technique of genetic algorithm (GA) has been adopted for making the analysis of the proposed system simple and straightforward. The control of SEIG is attempted by connecting an uncontrolled diode bridge rectifier (DBR) and a line commutated inverter (LCI) between the generator terminals and three-phase utility grid. A simple control technique for maximum power point tracking (MPPT) in wind energy conversion systems (WECS), in which the firing angle of the LCI alone needs to be controlled by sensing the rotor speed of the generator has been proposed. The effectiveness of the proposed method of MPPT and method of analysis of this wind-driven SEIG-converter system connected to the grid through power converters has been demonstrated by experiments and simulation. These experimental and simulated results confirm the usefulness and successful working of the proposed system and its analysis.

关键词： self-excited induction generator (SEIG) renewable power generation power converters maximum power point tracking (MPPT) steady state analysis power generation systems

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Modeling and control of photovoltaic energy conversion connected to the grid

Rebei NAJET, Ben Ghanem BELGACEM, Hasnaoui OTHMAN

《能源前沿（英文）》 2012年第6卷第1期页码 35-46 doi: 10.1007/s11708-012-0169-y

摘要： This paper presents modeling and control of a photovoltaic generator (PVG) connected to the grid. The parameters of the PVG have been identified in previous work (series and parallel resistance, reverse saturation current and thermal voltage) using Newton-Raphston and the gradient algorithm. The electrical energy from a PVG is transferred to the grid via two static converters (DC/DC and DC/AC). The objective of the proposed control strategy is to maximize energy captured from the PVG. The adapted control law for extracting maximum power from the PVG is based on the incremental conductance algorithm. The developed algorithm has the capability of searching the maximum photovoltaic power under variable irradiation and temperature. To control the DC/AC inverter, an intelligent system based on two structures is constructed: a current source control structure and a voltage source control structure. The system has been validated by numerical simulation using data obtained from the PVG installed in the laboratory research (INSAT, Tunisia).

关键词： photovoltaic generator (PVG) maximum power point tracker grid-connected static converters

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生物质车用燃料

闵恩泽,谢文华

《中国工程科学》 2011年第13卷第2期页码 13-15

摘要：

回顾分析了国外微藻生物柴油、秸秆乙醇汽油、新一代生物质汽油的新进展和工业化过程面临的挑战及对策。并建议要根据我国生物质原料供应、科研基础，开展国际合作，力争在2015年建成微藻生物柴油、秸秆乙醇汽油、生物质汽油工业示范装置，为以后的大发展奠定基础。

关键词：生物质车用燃料微藻生物柴油秸秆乙醇汽油生物质汽油

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Near-field radiative thermoelectric energy converters: a review

Eric TERVO, Elham BAGHERISERESHKI, Zhuomin ZHANG

《能源前沿（英文）》 2018年第12卷第1期页码 5-21 doi: 10.1007/s11708-017-0517-z

摘要： Radiative thermoelectric energy converters, which include thermophotovoltaic cells, thermoradiative cells, electroluminescent refrigerators, and negative electroluminescent refrigerators, are semiconductor p-n devices that either generate electricity or extract heat from a cold body while exchanging thermal radiation with their surroundings. If this exchange occurs at micro or nanoscale distances, power densities can be greatly enhanced and near-field radiation effects may improve performance. This review covers the fundamentals of near-field thermal radiation, photon entropy, and nonequilibrium effects in semiconductor diodes that underpin device operation. The development and state of the art of these near-field converters are discussed in detail, and remaining challenges and opportunities for progress are identified.

关键词： energy conversion systems luminescent refrigeration near-field radiation thermophotovoltaic thermoradiative cell

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UPFC setting to avoid active power flow loop considering wind power uncertainty

Shenghu LI, Ting WANG

《能源前沿（英文）》 2023年第17卷第1期页码 165-175 doi: 10.1007/s11708-020-0686-z

摘要： The active power loop flow (APLF) may be caused by impropriate network configuration, impropriate parameter settings, and/or stochastic bus powers. The power flow controllers, e.g., the unified power flow controller (UPFC), may be the reason and the solution to the loop flows. In this paper, the critical existence condition of the APLF is newly integrated into the simultaneous power flow model for the system and UPFC. Compared with the existing method of alternatively solving the simultaneous power flow and sensitivity-based approaching to the critical existing condition, the integrated power flow needs less iterations and calculation time. Besides, with wind power fluctuation, the interval power flow (IPF) is introduced into the integrated power flow, and solved with the affine Krawcyzk iteration to make sure that the range of active power setting of the UPFC not yielding the APLF. Compared with Monte Carlo simulation, the IPF has the similar accuracy but less time.

关键词： active power loop flow (APLF) unified power flow controller (UPFC) wind power uncertainty interval power flow (IPF)

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Possible role of power-to-heat and power-to-gas as flexible loads in German medium voltage networks

Mark KUPRAT, Martin BENDIG, Klaus PFEIFFER

《能源前沿（英文）》 2017年第11卷第2期页码 135-145 doi: 10.1007/s11708-017-0472-8

摘要： Germany’s energy transition triggered a rapid and unilateral growth of renewable energy sources (RES) in the electricity sector. With increasing shares of intermittent RES, overcapacities during periods of strong wind and photovoltaic electricity generation occur. In the face of insufficient transmission capacities, due to an inhibited network extension, the electricity generation has to be curtailed. This curtailment of RES leads to economic losses and could be avoided through flexible loads. As an option to cope with those problems, the technologies of power-to-gas (PtG) and power-to-heat (PtH) are presented in this paper. First, the alkaline electrolyzer (AEL), polymer electrolyte membrane electrolyzer (PEMEL), and solid oxide electrolyzer cell (SOEC) are investigated regarding their operational parameters. Second, the electric boiler, electrode heating boiler, and heat pumps are considered. Ultimately, the network-supporting abilities and the potential to provide ancillary services, such as control power, load sequence operation, cold start and part load capability, are compared among one another.

关键词： power-to-gas power-to-heat flexible loads ancillary services coherent energy systems

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Evaluation of the power-generation capacity of wearable thermoelectric power generator

Yang YANG, Jing LIU,

《能源前沿（英文）》 2010年第4卷第3期页码 346-357 doi: 10.1007/s11708-010-0112-z

摘要： Employing thermoelectric generators (TEGs) to gather heat dissipating from the human body through the skin surface is a promising way to supply electronic power to wearable and pocket electronics. The uniqueness of this method lies in its direct utilization of the temperature difference between the environment and the human body, and complete elimination of power maintenance problems. However, most of the previous investigations on thermal energy harvesters are confined to the TEG and electronic system themselves because of the low quality of human energy. We evaluate the energy generation capacity of a wearable TEG subject to various conditions based on biological heat transfer theory. Through numerical simulation and corresponding parametric studies, we find that the temperature distribution in the thermopiles affects the criterion of the voltage output, suggesting that the temperature difference in a single point can be adopted as the criterion for uniform temperature distribution. However, the criterion has to be shifted to the sum of temperature difference on each thermocouple when the temperature distribution is inconsistent. In addition, the performance of the thermal energy harvester can be easily influenced by environmental conditions, as well as the physiological state and physical characteristics of the human body. To further validate the calculation results for the wearable TEG, a series of conceptual experiments are performed on a number of typical cases. The numerical simulation provides a good overview of the electricity generation capability of the TEG, which may prove useful in the design of future thermal energy harvesters.

关键词： thermal energy harvester thermoelectric generator biological heat transfer power generating capacity

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Renewable power for China: Past, present, and future

Eric MARTINOT

《能源前沿（英文）》 2010年第4卷第3期页码 287-294 doi: 10.1007/s11708-010-0120-z

摘要： This paper briefly examines the history, status, policy situation, development issues, and prospects for key renewable power technologies in China. The country has become a global leader in wind turbine and solar photovoltaic (PV) production, and leads the world in total power capacity from renewable energy. Policy frameworks have matured and evolved since the landmark 2005 Renewable Energy Law, updated in 2009. China’s 2020 renewable energy target is similar to that of the EU. However, China continues to face many challenges in technology development, grid-integration, and policy frameworks. These include training, research and development, wind turbine operating experience and performance, transmission constraints, grid interconnection time lags, resource assessments, power grid integration on large scales, and continued policy development and adjustment. Wind and solar PV targets for 2020 will likely be satisfied early, although domestic demand for solar PV remains weak and the pathways toward incorporating distributed and building-integrated solar PV are uncertain. Prospects for biomass power are limited by resource constraints. Other technologies such as concentrating solar thermal power, ocean energy, and electricity storage require greater attention.

关键词： renewable energy wind power solar power sustainable energy policy green industry

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Carbon emission impact on the operation of virtual power plant with combined heat and power system

Yu-hang XIA,Jun-yong LIU,Zheng-wen HUANG,Xu ZHANG

《信息与电子工程前沿（英文）》 2016年第17卷第5期页码 479-488 doi: 10.1631/FITEE.1500467

摘要： A virtual power plant (VPP) can realize the aggregation of distributed generation in a certain region, and represent distributed generation to participate in the power market of the main grid. With the expansion of VPPs and ever-growing heat demand of consumers, managing the effect of fluctuations in the amount of available renewable resources on the operation of VPPs and maintaining an economical supply of electric power and heat energy to users have been important issues. This paper proposes the allocation of an electric boiler to realize wind power directly converted for supplying heat, which can not only overcome the limitation of heat output from a combined heat and power (CHP) unit, but also reduce carbon emissions from a VPP. After the electric boiler is considered in the VPP operation model of the combined heat and power system, a multi-objective model is built, which includes the costs of carbon emissions, total operation of the VPP and the electricity traded between the VPP and the main grid. The model is solved by the CPLEX package using the fuzzy membership function in Matlab, and a case study is presented. The power output of each unit in the case study is analyzed under four scenarios. The results show that after carbon emission is taken into account, the output of low carbon units is significantly increased, and the allocation of an electric boiler can facilitate the maximum absorption of renewable energy, which also reduces carbon emissions from the VPP.

关键词： Virtual power plant (VPP) Carbon emissions Electric boiler Wind power Combined heat and power (CHP)

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制造质量强国战略

“制造质量强国战略研究”课题组

《中国工程科学》 2015年第17卷第7期页码 24-28

摘要：

本文系统论述了实现制造质量强国战略的意义，分析了我国制造业质量发展的现状，借鉴主要工业国家质量发展经验并针对中国国情，提出了到2025年制造质量强国的战略目标、战略任务、战略对策和政策建议。

关键词：制造强国质量战略

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Will Germany move into a situation with unsecured power supply?

Harald SCHWARZ

《能源前沿（英文）》 2019年第13卷第3期页码 551-570 doi: 10.1007/s11708-019-0641-z

摘要： Together with a huge number of other countries, Germany signed the Paris Agreements in 2015 to prevent global temperature increase above 2°C. Within this agreement, all countries defined their own national contributions to CO reduction. Since that, it was visible that CO emissions in Germany decreased, but not so fast than proposed in this German nationally determined contribution to the Paris Agreement. Due to increasing traffic, CO emissions from this mobility sector increased and CO emission from German power generation is nearly constant for the past 20 years, even a renewable generation capacity of 112 GW was built up in 2017, which is much higher than the peak load of 84 GW in Germany. That is why the German National Government has implemented a commission (often called “The German Coal Commission”) to propose a time line: how Germany can move out of coal-fired power stations. This “Coal Commission” started its work in the late spring of 2018 and handed over its final report with 336 pages to the government on January 26th, 2019. Within this report the following proposals were made: ① Until 2022: Due to a former decision of the German Government, the actual remaining nuclear power generation capacity of about 10 GW has to be switched off in 2022. Besides, the “Coal Commission” proposed to switch off additionally in total 12.5 GW of both, hard coal and lignite-fired power plants, so that Germany should reduce its conventional generation capacity by 22.5 GW in 2022. ② Until 2030: Another 13 GW of German hard coal or lignite-fired power plants should be switched off. ③ Until 2038: The final 17 GW of German hard coal or lignite-fired power plants should be switched off until 2038 latest. Unfortunately the “Coal Commission” has not investigated the relevant technical parameter to ensure a secured electric power supply, based on German’s own national resources. Because German Energy Revolution mainly is based on wind energy and photovoltaic, this paper will describe the negligible contribution of these sources to the secured generation capacity, which will be needed for a reliable power supply. In addition, it will discuss several technical options to integrate wind energy and photovoltaic into a secured power supply system with an overall reduced CO emission.

关键词： CO₂ reduction mobility sector renewable generation coal commission secured power generation capacity reliable power supply power-to-gas power-to-heat